Carmel Indians
The Carmel Indians (pronounced Car'-mul) are a group of Melungeons who lived in Magoffin County, Kentucky and moved to Highland County, Ohio. Dr. Edward Price observed that the most common surnames among the families were Gibson, Nichols and Perkins. His research found that the ancestors of the group were listed as free people of color on census records.[1] Paternal line descendants of Bryson Gibson and Valentine Collins who participated in the Melungeon DNA Project belong to Haplogroup E-M2.[2] The group were listed as free Black and Mulatto in Kentucky prior to the American Civil War.[3] [4]
As researcher Paul Heinegg (1997) has documented the ancestry of the majority of the Free Negro population can be traced to African Americans free in Virginia before the American Revolution. He has found that most of these free African Americans were mixed-race children of early unions during the colonial period between white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, indentured servant, free, or enslaved. This was before the racial caste had hardened and, on small farms, white and black workers lived near each other and associated. According to the law, children were born into the social status of their mothers, by the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, adopted in the 17th-century Virginia colony. Since the mothers were white and free, their children were free born.[5]
References
- ^ Price, Edward Thomas, Jr. 1950 "The Mixed-blood Strain of Carmel, Ohio, and Magoffin County, Kentucky", Ohio Journal of Science 50(6):281-290.
- ^ Melungeon Core Y DNA Project
- ^ “Magoffin County (KY) Enslaved, Free Blacks, and Free Mulattoes, 1860-1880,” Notable Kentucky African Americans Database, accessed September 1, 2023, https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2447.
- ^ “Morgan County (KY) Enslaved, Free Blacks, and Free Mulattoes, 1850-1870,” Notable Kentucky African Americans Database, accessed September 1, 2023, https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2484.
- ^ Heinegg, Paul, 1997-2005, Free African Americans of North Carolina and Virginia (3rd edition). Clearfield Company, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland. Also on the web at Paul Heinegg, http://www.freeafricanamericans.com
- v
- t
- e
- Black-Dutch
- Cherokee (Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians)
- Chestnut Ridge people
- Melungeon
- Scotch-Irish
- formerly Kanawha Valley people, Koasati, Shawnee, and Yuchi
- Battle of Blair Mountain
- Coal Creek War
- Coal strike of 1902
- French–Eversole feud
- Hatfield–McCoy feud (Battle of the Grapevine Creek)
- Lincoln County feud
- Hillbilly Highway (Baltimore, Chicago, Detroit)
- Kentucky County, Virginia
- Overmountain Men
- Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
- Southwest Territory
- Trans-Appalachia
- Wilderness Road
- West Virginia coal wars
- 1920 Alabama coal strike
- Appalachian music
- Appalachian dulcimer
- Blackberry Blossom (tune)
- Bluegrass fiddle
- Bluegrass music
- Clogging
- Cripple Creek (folk song)
- Cumberland Gap (folk song)
- East Tennessee Blues
- Hootenanny
- In the Pines
- Nottamun Town
- Shady Grove (song)
- Tom Dooley (song)
- Francis Asbury
- Daniel Boone
- Davy Crockett
- John Gordon (militia captain)
- Devil Anse Hatfield
- Abraham Lincoln
- Belle Starr
- Appalachian stereotypes
- Appalachian studies
- Deliverance
- Hillbilly
- Moonshine in popular culture
- Mountain white
- Poor White
- Redneck
- Redneck joke
- The Hatfields and the McCoys