Liste des mots anglais d'origine germanique et leurs équivalents d'origine latine
Cette liste contient des mots anglais d'origine germanique et leurs équivalents d'origine latine. Les mots qu'ils soient d'étymologie germanique ou latine peuvent avoir été transmis à l'anglais par l'intermédiaire du français ou plus rarement d'une autre langue, les mots français représentant environ 29% des mots anglais, à proportion égale des emprunts directs au latin. La correspondance est sémantique dans la plupart des cas. Ces mots ne sont pas apparentés, mais dans certains cas, ils sont des doublets, par exemple, comme avec cow et beef, les deux provenant de manière ultime du proto-indo-européen *gʷōus, le premier étant hérité directement de l'anglo-saxon et le second étant un emprunt à l'ancien français.
Les significations de ces mots ne correspondent pas toujours à ceux d'origine germanique, et, parfois, le sens est spécifique à l'anglais.
Liste des mots anglais d'origine germanique et leurs équivalents d'origine latine.
Origine du mot germanique | Produit du mot germanique | Produit du mot latin | Origine du mot latin |
---|---|---|---|
Frankish *bannjan, *bandjan PGmc *laibijanan + *af- | abandon leave, leave off forsake forlet give up blin | relinquish abdicate desert renounce | relinquere < re- + linquere abdicāre < ab- + dicātus |
PGmc *akiz Frankish *hūrt | ache hurt smart woe sore throe wark | pain agony | poena < Gk poinē L.L. agōnia < Gk agōniā |
PGmc *lataz, *lētiz (Frankish *lat, *lēti) PGmc *trewwiþō | allegiance troth | fidelity loyalty | fidēlitās lēgālis |
PGmc *ana + *libaz PGmc *kwikwaz | alive quick (living) | animate | animātus < animāre < anima |
Old Norse angr PGmc *wraiþiþo | anger wrath | rage ire | rabiēs īra |
Frankish *raidjan PGmc *raihwaz | array row range, rak> line, lineup set lot list | series order sequence | seriēs < serere ordō |
Old English *andswaru | answer | response | responsum |
WGmc *aiskōn PGmc *frignanan | ask frain beseech beg seek | inquire request | in + quaerere re + quaerere |
PGmc *ga-waraz PGmc *ana + *breustam | aware abreast up to speed | cognizant | cognoscere |
WGmc *bauknan Frankish *baukan | beacon buoy flag herald harbinger guide | signal indicator | M.L. signāle M.L. indicātor |
PGmc *beforan PGmc *beforan + *handuz | before beforehand ahead of ee | prior | prior |
PGmc *bī + *hafjanan PGmc *beranan + *-unga | behaviour bearing etiquette guise way | action attitude manner conduct | āctiō L.L. aptitūdō |
PGmc *bī + *haitanan PGmc *bidjanan + *-unga | behest bidding | command order | V.L. commandāre ordō |
PGmc *bī- + *hōfan PGmc *gagniz | behoof gain foredeal boon blessing welfare | advantage benefit | L.L.*abantaticum benefactum |
WGmc *bī- + *ginnan PGmc *sturtjanan | begin [start | commence | com + initiāre |
PGmc *ga-laubjan PGmc *ga-menþijan + *sat- | belief mindset gospel truth leaning | creed | crēdere |
PGmc *bilībanan PGmc *uz- + *bīdanan | belive, belave abide | remain | re- + manere |
PGmc *balgiz PGmc *medi- + *hrefiz | belly midriff | abdomen | abdomen |
Middle English bigge (< Old Norse?) PGmc *grautaz | big great | large grand | larga < largus grandis |
PGmc *gaburþiz + *dagaz PGmc *jēran + *tīdiz | birthday yeartide | anniversary | M.L. (diēs) anniversāria |
PGmc *blījom PGmc *hīwjan | blee hue | colour | AN colur < OF colour < L color < OL colos |
PGmc *blōmōn PGmc *blōsmaz | bloom blossom | flower | flor- < flos |
PGmc *budagan PGmc *framojanan | body, embodiment frame | corpus, corpse carcass | corpus M.L. carcosium, carcasium < ? |
PGmc *brōþar | brotherly | fraternal | frāternus |
Old English budda Old English bitela | bug beetle | insect | insectum |
Old English byldan PGmc *raizijanan | build rear | construct | cōnstruere < com + struere |
Old English bysig + nisse PGmc *under + *tækanan | business undertaking | affair enterprise | ad + facere Fr. entre + prendre |
PGmc *bugjanan | buy | purchase | pro- + V.L. *captiare |
WGmc *kalbam | calf | veal | vitellus, vitulus |
PGmc *kallōjanan + *-unga Middle English jobbe | calling job | career profession | L.L. carrāria (via) < Celtic M.L. professiō |
Frankish *gram, *grinjan PGmc *maganan | chagrin dismay | displeasure dissatisfaction | dis- + L placēre dis- + L satisfactiō |
PGmc *skihanan (Middle High German schicken) PGmc *trandijanan | chic trendy | elegant fashionable | ēlegāns < ēlegere factiō < facere |
PGmc *kilþam PGmc *barnan | child bairn | infant | īnfāns |
PGmc *keusanan PGmc *pikkanan | choose pick | opt select | optare sēlēctus < sēligere < sē- + legere |
PGmc *karzjanan | chore | task | M.L. tasca |
PGmc *kaldaz PGmc *kaliz + *-igaz | cold chilly | frigid | frigidus |
PGmc *kweman PGmc *landjanan | come land | arrive | ad + ripa |
PGmc *kōuz PGmc *bullon- | cow bull | beef cattle | bōs/bovis V.L. capitale |
PGmc *dagaz + *likaz | daily | diurnal | diurnalis |
PGmc *daudaz + *likaz PGmc *banon + *fullaz | deadly baneful | mortal fatal | mortālis fatum |
PGmc *dōmjanan Frankish *wardōn | deem regard | judge consider | iūdicāre consīderāre |
PGmc *deuzam PGmc *hirutaz | deer hart | venison | venātiō/nis |
PGmc *gamainijaz PGmc *bī- + *lūtilaz | demean, bemean belittle | debase, abase degrade | L.L. bassus < Oscan or Celtic L.L. dēgradāre < dē- + gradus |
PGmc *dōnan PGmc *frumjanan, *framjanan | do perform | execute dispatch | M.L. execūtāre < ex(s)equī O.Fr. despeechier < des- + L.L. -pedicāre |
Old English docga PGmc *hundas | dog hound | canid, canine | canis |
PGmc *drengkan PGmc *sweljanan | drink swill | imbibe | imbibere < in + bibere |
PGmc *dubon | dove | pigeon culver | V.L. pibionem columbula |
PGmc *ernust- PGmc *grimmaz | earnest grim | serious grave | L.L. sēriōsus gravis |
PGmc *dritō PGmc *erþō | dirt earth | soil terrain | partly from Latin solium; partly from Old English sol terrenum < terra |
PGmc *austra PGmc *austra + *līkaz | eastern easterly | oriental | orīri |
PGmc *etanan PGmc *suppanan | eat sup | dine consume | V.L. diseieunare < dis + ieiunare consūmere |
PGmc *aldiz, *aldō PGmc *līban + *tīmēn | eld lifetime | age | aevitās ( < aevum) + -age |
PGmc *anðiōn PGmc *fullfuljanan | end fulfill | finish complete | fīnīre complēre |
PGmc *ebnaz PGmc *flataz | even flat | level planar | V.L. *lībellum < lībella L.L. plānāris < plānum |
PGmc *faranan Middle Dutch trecken | fare trek | travel journey | V.L. *trepaliāre V.L. *diurnāta |
PGmc *fastuz PGmc *hraþa | fast rathe, rather | rapid | rapidus |
PGmc *fadar + *likaz | fatherly fatherlike | paternal | paternus |
WGmc *fōljan PGmc *gawaraz | feeling awareness | sentiment sensation | sensus, sentiō |
PGmc *fullijan + *up PGmc *stukk- | fill up stock | replenish | re + plēnus |
PGmc *furistaz PGmc *furma | first foremost | primary | prīmus |
PGmc *floþuz PGmc *hwelbanan | flood overwhelm | inundate | inundāre < in + unda |
PGmc *fulgian Old Norse traþk | follow track | ensue | in- + sequi |
PGmc *formo- PGmc *airis- + *hwīlo | former erstwhile | previous preceding | praevius < prae- + via praecēdere < prae- + cēdere |
PGmc *fur-*biudan PGmc *bannan- | forbid ban | prohibit prevent | prohibēre < pro + habēre inter + dicere, dictus |
PGmc *fura- + Old Norse kasta PGmc *ūt + *lōkōjanan | forecast outlook | projection | prōjectiō < prō + iacere |
PGmc *fura + *taljanan PGmc *sanþaz + *sagjanan | foretell soothsay | predict | praedīcere |
PGmc *frijaz | freedom | liberty | lībertās < līber |
PGmc *frijond + *likaz PGmc *gakundan + *līkaz | friendly kindly | amicable | amīcus |
Frankish *gardo, gardin- PGmc *garda | garden yard | court enclosure | co- + hortus in- + claudere |
PGmc *gadurojan PGmc *far- + *gadurojan | gather forgather | assemble | ad + simul |
PGmc *giftiz PGmc *sali- | gift handsel | present | prae- + essere |
PGmc *geban PGmc *gafurþojan | give afford | provide | pro + vidēre |
PGmc *glaþaz PGmc *bliþiz | gladness bliss | joy pleasure | gaudium placēre |
PGmc *guþan PGmc *guþan + *haiduz | god, goddess godhead | deity immortal | deus immortālis |
PGmc *gōdaz PGmc *welō(n) | good well | beneficial | beneficium |
WGmc *gēnan + PGmc *an PGmc *wandjanan | go on wend | proceed | pro- + cedere |
WGmc *grōnja- PGmc *laskaz | green lush | verdant | viridis |
PGmc *getiskanan PGmc *faþmaz | guess fathom | estimate | aestimare |
PGmc *harjaz + *berg PGmc *hafnaz | harbour haven | port | portus |
PGmc *harþuz + *skapiz PGmc *uzdailjam | hardship ordeal | difficulty | difficultās |
PGmc *hatojanan PGmc *laiþojanan | hate loathe | detest | de- + testari |
PGmc *hauhiþa PGmc *luftuz | height loftiness | altitude | altitūdō (< altus) |
PGmc *helpan PGmc *ūz- + *baitjanan (Frankish *bētan) | help abet | assist | assistere < ad + sistere |
WGmc *hannja | hen | pullet | pullus |
PGmc *harjaz PGmc *fardíz | here ferd | army militia | ML. armāta mīlitia |
PGmc *hulnis PGmc *bergaz | hill barrow | mount | mōns, montis |
PGmc *hailagaz + *dagaz WGmc *lauba | holiday leave | vacation | vacātiō |
PGmc *hailagaz PGmc *gahailagōiðaz | holy hallowed | sacred | sacrāre |
PGmc *aujo + *landom PGmc *aujo | island ait, eyot | isle | insula |
WGmc *jukkjan PGmc *wurkijanan (via Old Norse yrkja) | itch irk | irritate | irritāre |
PGmc gakundiz Old English ilca | kind ilk | type class | typus < Gk typos classis |
PGmc *knoean PGmc *witanan | know wit/wot | recognize | re + cognoscere |
PGmc *lataz PGmc *latjanan | late delayed | tardy | tardus |
PGmc *lagan (Old Norse lag) + *-fullaz PGmc *gastrahtaz | lawful straight | legal legitimate, legit | lēgālis M.L. lēgitimātus < lēgitimāre |
PGmc *laiþjan PGmc *kuningaz | leader king | chief emperor | caput imperator |
PGmc *langiþo | length | longitude | longitūdō (< longus) |
PGmc *legjan PGmc *rastjō, rastō | lie (lie down) rest | repose recline | re- + pausa re- + clinare |
PGmc *lubo Middle English fond, fonned | loving fond | amorous | amōrōsus |
PGmc *managaz PGmc *manigaz + *falþaz | many manifold | multiple numerous | multi + plūs numerosus |
PGmc *ga-makon PGmc *fittjanan | match fit | correspond | con + respondēre |
WGmc *mainijan PGmc *be- + *taiknjanan | mean betoken | intend signify | intendere significare |
PGmc *motijan PGmc *hitjanan (Old Norse hitta) | meet hit | encounter | incontrāre < in + contrā |
PGmc *medjaz + *dagaz | midday | noon | nona |
Old Norse mistaka PGmc *blundaz (Old Norse blundra) | mistake blunder | error | error (< errāre) |
PGmc *mōdar + *likaz | motherly | maternal | māternus |
PGmc *nēhwaz PGmc *nēhwizáz | nigh near | close | clausus |
PGmc *neujaz PGmc *friskaz | new fresh | novel modern | novus modernus |
PGmc *naht + *likaz | nightly | nocturnal | nocturnus |
WGmc *alda PGmc *stal-, *sta- | old stale | ancient antediluvian | V.L. *anteanus < ante ante + diluvium |
PGmc *anþaraz PGmc *aljaz | other else | different alternative | differre alterare |
PGmc *ufnaz PGmc *herþaz | oven hearth | kiln furnace | culina fornax |
PGmc *raidō PGmc *wegaz | road way | street route | V.L. strata rupta |
PGmc *rutjan PGmc *be- + *fūljanan | rot defile | putrefy | putrefacere |
PGmc *sehwan PGmc *kanjanan | see ken | perceive | per- + capere |
Old Norse *sœma PGmc *lōkōjanan | seem look | appear | apparere |
PGmc *seuþanan Middle English bublelen (Middle Low German bubeln) | seethe bubble | boil | bullīre |
PGmc *selbaz + *haiduz PGmc *galīkaz + *-nassus | selfhood likeness | identity | L.L. identitās < idem et idem + -itās |
PGmc *selbaz + *samaz | selfsame | identical | M.L. identicus + -al |
PGmc *saljanan Old Saxon *trada | sell trade | vend | vendere < venum + dare |
PGmc *skapjanan PGmc *buþlam (Old English bold) | shape build | form | forma |
WGmc *skæpa PGmc *lambaz | sheep lamb | mutton | M.L. multō (< Celtic) |
PGmc *skoppan | shop | store | instaurare |
WGmc *skuttjan | shut | close | clausus |
PGmc *skeuh(w)az | shy | timid | timidus |
PGmc *sehwiþō PGmc *sehwanan | sight seeing | vision | vidēre/vīsum |
PGmc *skaljo PGmc *krab-, kraf- | skill craft | art science | ars scientia |
PGmc *skaljo + *fullaz PGmc *krab-, kraf- + *-igaz | skillful crafty | adept | adeptus < adipiscī |
PGmc *slǣpanþiaz PGmc *slūmerianþiaz | sleeping slumbering | dormant hibernate | dormīre |
PGmc *smæl PGmc *lūtilaz | small little | minute petite | minūtus < minuere pitinnus |
PGmc *snakon PGmc *wurmiz | snake worm | serpent | serpens |
PGmc *surgo PGmc *karō | sorrow care | grief | OFr grever < L gravare < gravis |
PGmc *sprekanan PGmc *taljanan | speak talk | converse discourse | con- + vertere dis- + currere |
PGmc *stund- PGmc *tīmēn, tīma- | stound time | hour moment | hōra < Gk hṓra mōmentum |
PGmc *sundrigaz PGmc *miskjanan | sundry mixed | various miscellaneous | varius miscellus |
PGmc *swīnam PGmc *farhaz | swine farrow | pork | porcus |
PGmc *taikijanan WGmc *skauwojanan | teach show | educate | ēdūcāre < ēdūcere |
PGmc *taljanan PGmc *kunþjanan | tell kithe | relate narrate | relatus < re- + ferre narrare |
PGmc *þankjan PGmc *(ga)þāht- + *-fullaz | thinking thoughtful | pensive | pēnsāre |
PGmc *(ga)þāhtan Early Modern English hinch | thought hunch | idea | idea < Gk idea |
PGmc *þreutanan PGmc *pleg- | threat plight | danger peril | V.L. *dominarium < dominus periculum' |
PGmc *taiknan PGmc *markō | token mark | sign symbol | signum symbolum < Gk sýmbolon |
PGmc *tungon PGmc *sprǣkijō | tongue speech | language | V.L. *linguaticum < L. lingua |
PGmc *twinjaz PGmc *twai + PGmc *-falþaz | twin twofold | double duplicate | duplus duplicātus < duplicāre < duplex |
PGmc *under + *standan PGmc *getanan | understand get | comprehend | comprehendere |
PGmc *ūp- + *haldanan PGmc *bolhstraz | uphold bolster | support | supportāre |
PGmc *up- + *luftijan PGmc *raizjan | uplifting raising, rearing | elevating | ē- + levāre |
PGmc *ūtizon PGmc *sagjanan | utter say | pronounce | pro- + nuntiare |
PGmc *ūtizon WGmc *alnaz + *tō-gaduraz | utterly altogether | totally | tōtālis |
PGmc *wadjojan PGmc *mizdō, meidō | wage meed | salary | salārium |
PGmc *wakan PGmc *bīdanan | wait, await bide | expect | ex + spectāre |
WGmc *warnōjanan + *-unga PGmc *tupp- + *af- | warning tip off | notice alert | nōtitia It all'erta < L ērigere |
PGmc *watskanan PGmc *klainisōn | wash cleanse | launder | M.L. lavandāria < lavare |
PGmc *wakan PGmc *kōpjanan | watch keep | observe | ob + servāre |
PGmc *wakanan PGmc *wakanþjaz | watchful waking | vigilant | vigilāre |
PGmc *wadjōjanan | wed | marry | marītāre |
PGmc *wadjō + *laikaz | wedlock | marriage | V.L. *maritaticum |
PGmc *wurdiz PGmc *framiþjaz | weird fremd | strange | extrāneus |
PGmc *weralþeilīkaz PGmc *erþō + *likaz | worldly earthly | mundane secular | L.L. mundānus < mundus saeculāris |
PGmc *wopijanan PGmc *grētanan | weep greet (cry), regret | lament deplore | lāmentārī < lāmentum dēplōrāre < dē- + plōrāre |
PGmc *gawehtiz + *-igaz WGmc *mainijanan + *-unga + *fullaz | weighty meaningful | important grave | importāns gravis |
PGmc *westra | western | occidental | occidere |
PGmc *(ga)hailaz | whole | entire | integer |
PGmc *wīdas PGmc *braiþiþō | width breadth | latitude | latitūdō (< latus) |
PGmc *wilþjiaz PGmc *faliz | wild fell | savage feral | silvaticus < silva fera |
PGmc *wīsaz PGmc *klufraz | wise clever | prudent intelligent | prudēns < providēns intelligēns |
PGmc *wunskjan PGmc *weljanan | wish will | desire cupidity | desiderāre cupiditās |
Old English wīfman + PGmc *likaz | womanly | feminine | femininus |
PGmc *widuz PGmc *hulto- | wood (a wood) holt | forest copse, coppice | M.L. *foresta, partially < L.L. forestis; partially < Frankish *forhist V.L. *colpaticium |
PGmc *wurdan + PGmc *bōkiz | wordbook | dictionary | dictiōnārium |
PGmc *werkan PGmc *dreuganan | work drudge, drudgery | labor | labor |
PGmc *wrītanan + *-unga PGmc *gawritan | writing writ | script | scrīptum < scrībere |
PGmc *wurdiz PGmc *dōmaz | wyrd doom | fate destiny | fatum dēstināre |
PGmc *jǣram + *likaz | yearly | annual | annalis |
WGmc *gelwa | yellow | ochre | ochra < Gk ṓkhra |
WGmc *jugunþiz + *fullaz PGmc *jungas | youthful young | juvenile immature | iuvenis immātūrus < in- + mātūrus |
PGmc *juwunþiz PGmc *tehuniz + *haiduz | youth teenhood | adolescence | adolescere < ad- + alescere |
Nom/adjectif doublets
En particulier, l'utilisation de mots latin dans les sciences nous donne des paires avec un autre nom germain et un adjectif latin :
- animaux : ant/formic, bee/apian, bird/avian, crow/corvine, cod/gadoine, carp/cyprine, fish/piscine, mew/larine, wasp/vespine, butterfly/papilionaceous, worm/vermian, spider/arachnid, snake/anguine, mouse (ou rat)/murine, cat/feline, rabbit/cunicular, hare/leporine, dog/canine/rangiferine, fox/vulpine, wolf/lupine, goat/caprine, sheep/ovine, swan/cygnine or cygnean, duck/anatine, starling/sturnine, goose/anserine, horse/equine, chicken/gallinaceous, cow/bovine, pig/porcine, whale/cetacean, ape/simian, bear/ursine, man/human or hominid (genre spécifique: man/masculine, woman/feminine).
- physiologie : head/capital, ear/aural, tooth/dental, tongue/lingual, lips/labial, neck/cervical, finger/digital, hand/manual, arm/brachial, foot/pedal, sole of the foot/plantar, leg/crural, eye/ocular ou visual, mouth/oral, chest/pectoral, nipple/papillary, brain/cerebral, mind/mental, nail/ungual, hair/pilar, hear/cardial, lung/pulmonary, bone/osteotic, liver/hepatic, kidney/renal, blood/sanguine.
- astronomie : moon/lunar, sun/solar, earth/terrestrial, star/stellar.
- sociologie : son ou daughter/fillial, mother/maternal, father/paternal, brother/fraternal, sister/sororal, wife/uxorial.
- autres : book/literary, edge/marginal, earl/comital, fire/igneous, water/aquatic, wind/vental, ice/glacial, boat/naval, house/domestic, door/portal, town/urban, light/optical, sight/visual, tree/arboreal, marsh/paludal, sword/gladiate, king/regal, fighter/military, bell/tintinnabulary
Voir aussi
- List of English Latinates of Germanic origin (en)
- Purisme linguistique en anglais
- Vrais amis en anglais
Sources
- Online Etymology Dictionary
- Merriam-Webster Online
- Dictionary of Etymology: the Origins of American English Words. Robert K. Barnhart. (ISBN 0-06-270084-7)
- Portail des langues